BIOTECH WORLD

INTRODUCTION Biotransformation is a chemical reaction catalyzed by cells, organs, or enzymes. It is characterized as a cycle through which the practical gatherings of natural mixes are altered by living cells to a synthetically extraordinary item. It investigates the extraordinary properties of biocatalysts, specifically their sound system area particularity and their capacity to do responses at no outrageous pH esteems and temperature. It very well might be utilized to do explicit changes of complex substrates utilizing plant, creature or microbial cells or cleaned proteins as impetuses. The creation of metabolites, fine synthetics, and the drug can be accomplished by biotransformation utilizing natural impetuses.  Factors affecting biotransformation: Biotransformation relies upon different variables like physiological, biochemical angles and ecological states of cell culture, for example,  •Origin of plant tissue  •Culture Media  •Growth controllers  •Carbon source in the medium  •Te

What are Blood Groups? Blood groups, also called blood types, can be characterized as the gathering of blood and depend on the presence or nonattendance of hereditarily determined antigenic substances on the outside of red blood cells(RBCs). The antigenic substances may either be sugars, glycolipids, proteins, or glycoproteins, contingent upon the blood classification framework.  Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian researcher found the ABO blood bunch framework in the year 1900. For this disclosure, he was granted the Nobel Prize.  A blood group or blood type is a blood-classification, ordered based on the presence and nonappearance of antibodies and hereditarily determined antigenic particles on the outside of RBCs. There are 4 main blood groups of human blood which are O, A, B, and AB, which is also called the ABO blood type. There are explicit manners by which blood bunches must be coordinated for a sheltered bonding. Blood Group A –  Presence of antigen A on the RBCs and antibody B in th

 WHAT IS SYNTHETIC SEED..?   Synthetic seed can be characterized as a counterfeit exemplification of substantial incipient organisms, shoot bud or totals of the cell of any tissues which can shape a plant in-vitro or in-vivo condition. Artificial seed has likewise been frequently alluded to as synthetic seed.  ARTIFICIAL SEEDS  CONCEPTS •Artificial seeds were first presented in 1970's as a novel simple to the plant seeds.  The creation of Artificial seeds is helpful for plants which don't deliver feasible seeds. It speaks to a strategy to engender these plants. Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping. The expression, "EMBLING" is utilized for the plants started from engineered seed.  The utilization of engineered assortments for business development was first recommended in Maize (Hays and Garber, 1919).  In light of THE TECHNIQUES,TWO TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL SEEDS ARE PRODUCED  • DESICCATED SYNTHETIC SEEDS

 VERNALIZATION  It was found by Lysenko (1928), a Russian worker that the cold requiring yearly and biennial plants can be made to blossom in one developing season by giving low-temperature treatment to youthful plants or dampened seeds.   He called the impact of this chilling treatment as vernalization. Vernalization is, hence, a cycle of shortening of the adolescent or vegetative stage and rushing blossoming by past cool treatment.   Some plants expect the presentation to a low temperature, 0 to 10°C, for a couple of days to half a month for blooming. Such acceptance of blooming by a low temperature is called vernalization  SITE FOR VERNALIZATION  The boost of vernalization is seen simply by the meristematic cells (active apical meristem).  e.g.- shoot tip, incipient organism tips, root summit, creating leaves, and so on  Necessities OF VERNALIZATION  (i) Low Temperature : Low temperature needed for vernalization is typically 0°—5°.  (ii) Period of Low-Temperature Treatment :

  What are GMOs and GM foods? Genetic modification is a biological technique that effects alterations in the genetic machinery of all kinds of living organisms. GMO is defined as follows by WHO (World Health Organization): “Organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination”. The definition seeks to distinguish the direct manipulation of genetic material from the millennial-old practice of improvement in the genetic stock of plants and animals by selective breeding. With DNA recombinant technology, genes from one organism can be transferred into another, usually unrelated, organism. “GM foods” refer to foods produced from genetically modified plants or animals. Triticale is a grain widely used in bread and pasta. It was developed the 19th century by crossing wheat with rye (a conventional, selective breeding approach). History of GM foods The genesis

INTRODUCTION Plants are eukaryotes, multicellular organisms that have membrane-bound organelles. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. A plant cell is different from other eukaryotic cells in that it has a rigid cell wall, a central vacuole, plasmodesmata, and plastids. Plant cells take part in photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose, oxygen, and water. Plants are producers that provide food for themselves (making them autotrophs) and other organisms.   Parts These are some of the parts common to plant cells: • Cell Wall - smooth layer that provides DNA and protection from osmotic swelling. • Cell ( Plasma ) Membran e - it is composed of a phospholipid  lipid bilayer  (including polar hydrophilic heads facing outside and hydrophobic tails facing each other inside) that makes it semipermeable and thus capable of selectively allowing certain ions and molecules in/out of the cell. • Cytoplasm - it consi