BIOTECH WORLD

INTRODUCTION Plants are eukaryotes, multicellular organisms that have membrane-bound organelles. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. A plant cell is different from other eukaryotic cells in that it has a rigid cell wall, a central vacuole, plasmodesmata, and plastids. Plant cells take part in photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose, oxygen, and water. Plants are producers that provide food for themselves (making them autotrophs) and other organisms.   Parts These are some of the parts common to plant cells: • Cell Wall - smooth layer that provides DNA and protection from osmotic swelling. • Cell ( Plasma ) Membran e - it is composed of a phospholipid  lipid bilayer  (including polar hydrophilic heads facing outside and hydrophobic tails facing each other inside) that makes it semipermeable and thus capable of selectively allowing certain ions and molecules in/out of the cell. • Cytoplasm - it consi

  AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS Agrobacterium is a gram-negative bacteria involved in causing root gall formation disease in plant species. The crown gall formation is due to the transfer of a segment of oncogene DNA into plant cell at wounded sites. This DNA segment i.e. T-dna or transfer DNA is present on a large plasmid called tumor-inducing plasmid in the bacterium. The T-dna is integrated into the plant chromosome by recombination. I series of vir genes are involved in directing this infection process. So when the plant root or stem is wounded it gives off certain signals. In response to those signals, A.T becomes activated and directs a series of events required for the transfer of T-dna from ti plasmid to the plant chromosome. The function of different vir gene includes a copy of T-dna followed by attachment of product to the copied T-dna strand, subsequently add proteins along with the length of T-dna, and possibly act as a protective mechanisms. These eventually open a channel in

  Introduction and Definition of Biochemistry  The most prominent property o living life forms is that they are muddled and profoundly composed. The cells of which they are formed have mind-boggling inner structure containing numerous sort of complex atom and substance responses.  The expression "BIOCHEMISTRY" itself is gotten from a mix of Biology and chemistry. In 1877, Felix Hoppe-Seyler utilized the term (biochemie in German) as an equivalent word for physiological science in the foreword to the main issue of Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal of Physiological Chemistry) where he contended for the setting up of foundations devoted to this field of study.  History of Biochemistry   Some contended that the start of biochemistry may have been the disclosure of the principal compound, diastase (today called amylase), in 1833 by Anselme Payen, while others considered Eduard Buchner's first show of a complex biochemical cycle alcoholic aging in sans cell extrica

  Photoperiodism is the phenomenon of physiological changes that occur in plants in response to relative length of day and night (i.e. photoperiod). ¢ The response of the plants to the photoperiod, expressed in the form of flowering is also called as photoperiodism. ¢ The phenomenon of photoperiodism was first discovered by Garner and Allard (1920). TYPES OF PHOTOPERIODISM Depending upon the duration of photoperiod, the plants are classified into three categories.  1. Short day plants (SDP)  2. Long day plants (LDP)  3. Day neutral plants (DNP) 1. SHORT DAY PLANTS  These plants require a relatively short daylight period (usually 8-10 hours) and a continuous dark period of about 14-16 hours for subsequent flowering.  These plants are also known as long-night plants. ¢ E.g. Rice, coffee, soybean, tobacco and chrysanthemum ¢   In short day plants, the dark period is critical and must be continuous.  If this dark period is interrupted with a brief exposure of red light (660-665 nm

INTRODUCTION  The endoplasmic reticulum is the significant site of amalgamation in the cell. It is an arrangement of straightened sacs (cisternae) that are consistent with the external atomic envelope. Its physiological capacity has an extremely close relationship with that of the Golgi mechanical assembly and together, they structure the secretory pathway of the cell.  The endoplasmic reticulum is delegated either unpleasant or smooth, with minor varieties in size and capacity in particular tissue.  In this article, I will take a gander at the structure and capacity of the unpleasant and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and think about some clinical significance.  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)  The Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) takes its name from the numerous ribosomes connected to the cytoplasmic surface. The RER takes creating proteins from the cytosol and proceeds with their advancement before finishing in the golgi mechanical assembly.  Proteins that move over the layer of t

INTRODUCTION  Lysosomes are round, film bound organelles that are created by the Golgi mechanical assembly. They contain hydrolytic proteins, thus work as a component of the reusing arrangement of the cell.  In this article, I will take a gander at the structure, blend, and capacity of lysosomes, and we will think about their pertinence to clinical practice.  Structure  Lysosomes are acidic film bound organelles found inside cells, as a rule around 1 micrometer long. Lysosomes contain various hydrolytic proteins that catalyze hydrolysis responses.  The layer encompassing the lysosome is crucial to guarantee these catalysts don't spill out into the cytoplasm and harm the cell from inside. So as to keep up the acidic pH of the lysosome, protons are effectively moved into the organelle over the lysosomal film.  Combination  The lysosome and the chemicals inside it are integrated independently. Lysosomal proteins are shaped similarly to some other protein. The initial step is the comme